1969 |
Thomas
Gold presents lunar evidence which indicates that the Earth-Moon
system has been exposed to a solar nova outburst or to a very
large solar flare within the last 30,000 years. |
1977 |
Herbert
Zook, et al. present lunar evidence that the Sun's solar flare
activity was extremely high at the end of the ice age, reaching
a peak around 16,000 years ago. They propose this was somehow
associated with the retreat of the ice sheets. |
1977 |
Wdowczyk
and Wolfendale propose that very rare, extremely large solar
flare events could be responsible for producing mass extinctions. |
1979 |
LaViolette
begins doctoral research on the Galactic superwave hypothesis
and its possible cause of abrupt climatic change and mass extinction,
with special focus on the deglacial interval occurring between
11,000 and 15,000 years BP. |
1981
- 1982 |
LaViolette
conducts a cosmochemical study of ice age polar ice and reports
the occurrence of several cosmic dust concentration peaks. This
was the first study of its kind to be carried out and the first
discovery of high iridium and nickel levels in ice age polar
ice. |
1983 |
LaViolette
publishes his Ph.D. dissertation and presents papers on its conclusions
at the American Geophysical Union meeting and Meteoritical Society
meeting; see abstracts. |
1983
(August) |
LaViolette
begins applying for funds to do additional ice core research
to continue to explore his discovery of high cosmic dust concentrations
in polar ice. |
1984 |
LaViolette
heads the Starburst Foundation, a research institute dedicated
to the study of Galactic superwave catastrophes and increasing
public awareness about them. |
1984 |
One
year after receiving a copy of LaViolette's dissertation, Victor
Clube and Bill Napier publish a paper in Monthly Notices
proposing a comet breakup and terrestrial bombardment as the
cause of the elevated Ir and Ni concentrations LaViolette had
found in polar ice. |
1985
- 1993 |
LaViolette
publishes 6 papers in refereed journals communicating various
aspects of his doctoral findings. Submits more than 50 proposals
seeking funding to do cosmic dust ice core studies of the period
spanning the Pleistocene megafaunal extinction. No funding was
obtained. |
1985 |
LaViolette
presents his findings on Galactic superwaves and their cause
of the climatic change and mass extinction at the end of the
last ice age at the Galaxy and Solar System Conference. He also
begins to present public lectures on this subject. |
1987 |
LaViolette publishes
a paper in Monthly Notices challenging Clube and Napier's
1984 paper. He points out the flaws in their comet debris bombardment
interpretation and demonstrates that his Ir and Ni findings are
more likely due to a superwave induced cosmic dust influx. |
1988 |
LaViolette
is granted 17 Vostok ice core samples from the Soviet Union ice
core program, thereby initiating the first ice core exchange
program between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. Funding requests made to
the National Science Foundation and NASA for conducting a cosmic
dust analysis of the samples. |
1989 |
LaViolette
heads the Foundation's International Outreach Project to make
governments around the world aware of hazards associated with
the possible arrival of a Galactic superwave event. Organizations
post his superwave alert write-up on the internet. |
1990 |
LaViolette publishes
a paper in Anthropos which among other things elaborates on the
idea that the megafaunal demise was due to a coronal mass ejection
catastrophe and associated flood cataclysm. |
1990 |
Clube
and Napier publish their book The Cosmic Winter attributing
the catastrophe at the end of the ice age to the breakup of a
giant comet. |
1997 |
LaViolette
publishes his book Earth Under Fire, which is written
for a general audience and presents the Galactic superwave theory
and supporting evidence with its main focus on the mass extinction
event at the end of the ice age. Here he also discusses ancient
myths and legends reporting about this event. |
1997
- present |
LaViolette
presents many conference lectures about the superwave theory
and its impact at the end of the ice age. He is also invited
to speak about it on many radio talk shows. |
1998 |
Conscious
Wave Productions produces a video on Dr. LaViolette's superwave
theory graphically, illustrating the demise of the Pleistocene
megafauna as arising from a coronal mass ejection impact conflagration
and ensuing glacier wave meltwater deluge. The video, titled
Earth Under Fire, is aired on TV and sold widely. |
1998 |
William
Topping posts webpages summarizing doctoral research he had begun
7 years earlier in which he found evidence of anomalous radiocarbon
dates and unusual pitting in paleoIndian artifacts. His findings
led him to conclude that the megafaunal mass extinction at the
Allerod/Younger Dryas boundary was caused by a conflagration
induced by a solar coronal mass ejection. |
2001 |
Richard
Firestone and William Topping publish a general reader article
in the paleontological magazine Mammoth Trumpet attributing
the terminal Pleistocene megafaunal extinction to the occurrence
of a supernova 250 light years away which they claim exploded
around 41,000 years ago. They propose that the radiation influx
was so intense as to reset the artifact radiocarbon dates to
values 25,000 to 30,000 years younger than their actual age and
allege that the artifacts actually date from around 39,000 to
55,000 years B.P. |
2002 |
Southon
and Taylor rebut the Firestone-Topping article. They note that
if the Earth had been exposed to such high radiation levels current
radiocarbon date levels should be thousands of times higher than
actually observed. Indeed, this pointed out a major flaw in the
Firestone-Topping theory. |
2005 |
LaViolette
publishes a paper in Planetary & Space Science that
provides additional supporting evidence for his cosmic ray/cosmic
dust/solar activity scenario. This shows that the Main Event
acidity spike found in 15,800 year old Antarctic polar ice registers
a major long-term incursion of cosmic dust into the solar system.
He proposes this influx may have been responsible for triggering
the subsequent increase in solar activity that was partly responsible
for the catastrophic events ending the last ice age. |
2005 |
Richard
Firestone teams up with Alan West and the two present a modified
version of the Firestone supernova explosion theory at the 2nd
International World of Elephants Conference. In this version
the supernova is accompanied by the impact of a 10 km diameter
comet causing the demise of the Pleistocene megafauna around
12,900 years B.P. The claim for major resetting of radiocarbon
dates is judicially avoided. However, in this version around
34,000 years B.P. the supernova showers the Earth with iron rich
micrometiorite grains that have traveled 250 light years and
also passed through the Earth's atmosphere at relativistic speeds,
i.e., 3% of the speed of light. Their incredible announcement
is preceded by a Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory press release. |
2006 |
Firestone,
West, and Warwick-Smith publish their book Cycles of Cosmic
Catastrophes describing their supernova/comet explosion theory. |
2007
(May) |
The
Younger Dryas Boundary (YDB) group, led by Firestone and West,
present evidence for the Firestone-West supernova/comet theory
with some additional modifications. The comet size is now reduced
to 4 km in diameter and claimed to have exploded over the northern
ice cap showering debris across the continent. Debris from this
explosion is proposed to have produced the Carolina Bays. |
2007
(Sept) |
LaViolette points
out 20 major flaws in the supernova/comet theory of Firestone,
West and Warwich-Smith, published in their 2006 book. |